H2scan BSS Catalog 2025 - Flipbook - Page 29
Lithium-Ion Batteries (Li-ion)
Lithium batteries, classified as non-aqueous
electrolyte batteries (see Fig. 3), are sealed cells
that remain intact unless a thermal runaway
occurs. In such an event, significant amounts of
carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and hydrogen
are emitted. Depending on the specific lithium
battery chemistry, other flammable gases like
hydrogen fluoride, methane, ethane, propylene,
ethylene and more may also be generated.
While Lithium-Ion batteries come with a Battery
Management System (BMS) to regulate the state
of charge and monitor battery parameters, they
are unable to prevent a thermal runaway caused
by an internal short circuit.
Figure 3 Li-ion
Iron Air Batteries
In iron air batteries, hydrogen gas is generated
during the charging process when water is
electrolyzed to produce oxygen at the air electrode
and hydrogen at the iron electrode. To control
hydrogen, recombination catalysts may be used
to facilitate the recombination of hydrogen and
oxygen back into water within a battery cell.
Venting is also used to reduce excess hydrogen
safely outside of the battery enclosure. Hydrogen
sensors may be integrated into the system to
monitor the concentration of hydrogen to take
appropriate action if the gas reaches a certain
Figure 4 Iron Air Technology
Flow Batteries
Flow batteries consist of two electrolyte solutions
housed in separate tanks with electrodes and
a membrane separating the two electrolytes.
During operation, the electrolytes flow through
the system, and electrochemical reactions occur
at the electrodes, allowing the release of energy.
In some redox flow batteries and in hydrogenbromine flow batteries (HBFBs), hydrogen is
produced as a byproduct during the charging
process. The Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER)
can occur at the electrode surface and can be
influenced by the type of electrode material used
and the conditions present in the battery system.
90000266
Figure 5 Flow Battery
pg.29
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