H2scan BSS Catalog 2025 - Flipbook - Page 24
decades due to low cost, high reliability, availability of materials and
MODEL CODES
recyclability. Vented-lead acid (VLA) batteries have free flowing
In addition to the UL standards and other international standards, model
electrolyte, long life, and reliable performance. They are used in most
building codes play a crucial role in ensuring the safety of battery systems.
substation and emergency power applications. Absorbed Glass
Notably, the International Building Code (IBC) includes provisions for the
Matt (AGM) and gel batteries are considered non-spillable batteries
seismic design of battery racks and cabinets. This ensures that these
and have long cycle life with a tolerance to deep cycling. These
structures can withstand seismic events and maintain the integrity of the
batteries are used in smaller-scale energy storage, load shifting and
battery systems.
emergency backup power.
Similarly, model fire codes such as Chapter 12 of the International Fire Code
SAFETY STANDARDS
(IFC) and the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 855 focus on
Every battery type has specific guidelines for installation, operation, and
establishing safety requirements specifically for BESS. These codes serve
maintenance, which can be found in the manufacturer’s installation and
as comprehensive guidelines that address various aspects of BESS safety.
operations manual. To ensure consistency and best practices across the
industry, the IEEE PES Energy Storage and Stationary Battery Committee
(ESSB) develops standards documents that cover the characterization,
selection, operation, and recommended practices for batteries. In addition,
the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) produces standards
documents that focus on electrical safety in relation to batteries. These
standards serve as valuable resources for industry professionals and help
promote safe and efficient battery usage.
These model codes are widely adopted by states and are sometimes
supplemented by local municipalities. Local authorities have the
flexibility to make state-adopted codes more stringent, although they
cannot relax the requirements, resulting in what is known as a local
modified code. A notable example is New York City’s FDNY B-28 Fire
Code, which incorporates additional provisions from the National Fire
Protection Association (NFPA) 855 while complying with the city’s adopted
International Fire Code (IFC).
Building and fire codes mandate that batteries undergo testing according
to UL standards or other internationally recognized standards. UL 1973 is a
safety standard specifically designed for batteries used in electric vehicles
(EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). This comprehensive standard
covers a range of critical aspects, including electrical, mechanical,
thermal, and environmental considerations. Its primary objective is to
minimize the potential risks associated with fire, explosions, and other
hazards.
In the context of Energy Storage Systems (ESS), including BESS, UL 9540 and
9540A standards have been developed. UL 9540 is the original standard,
while 9540A represents the updated version. These standards outline
the requirements and guidelines for safe and efficient ESS operation. Fig
1 provides a visual representation of the specific requirements outlined
in these standards. Adhering to these UL standards ensures that battery
systems meet the necessary safety criteria and helps mitigate potential
risks in various applications.
While UL standards are recognized across North America, other regions
have similar standards such as IEC 62619 and 62485. Other industry
specific standards may cover abusive environments such as Telcordia
(Bellcore) Testing Standards.
90000266
pg.24
To further ensure compliance with the codes, most states and local
governments establish minimum system sizes to comply with code
and set maximum limits for BESS installations. These size requirements
and limitations are crucial for meeting code compliance and are often
depicted in guidelines such as Figure 2.
